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Subject Area - 3:
Science and Technology and Engineering Education
  • Standard Area - 3.2: Physical Sciences: Chemistry and Physics
  • Organizing Category - 3.2.B: Physics
  • Grade Level - 3.2.8.B: GRADE 8
Standard - 3.2.8.B7

  • Compare and contrast scientific theories.
  • Know that both direct and indirect observations are used by scientists to study the natural world and universe.
  • Identify questions and concepts that guide scientific investigations.
  • Formulate and revise explanations and models using logic and evidence.
  • Recognize and analyze alternative explanations and models.
  • Explain the importance of accuracy and precision in making valid measurements.

Eligible Content:
8 Total
Assessments
Materials & Resources
  • Assessment Anchor - S8.A.3

    Systems, Models, and Patterns
    • Anchor Descriptor - S8.A.3.1 Explain the parts of a simple system, their roles, and their relationships to the system as a whole.
      • Eligible Content - S8.A.3.1.1 Describe a system (e.g., watershed, circulatory system, heating system, agricultural system) as a group of related parts with specific roles that work together to achieve an observed result.
      • Eligible Content - S8.A.3.1.2 Explain the concept of order in a system [e.g., (first to last: manufacturing steps, trophic levels); (simple to complex: cell, tissue, organ, organ system)].
      • Eligible Content - S8.A.3.1.3 Distinguish among system inputs, system processes, system outputs, and feedback (e.g., physical, ecological, biological, informational).
      • Eligible Content - S8.A.3.1.4 Distinguish between open loop (e.g., energy flow, food web) and closed loop (e.g., materials in the nitrogen and carbon cycles, closed-switch) systems.
      • Eligible Content - S8.A.3.1.5 Explain how components of natural and human-made systems play different roles in a working system.
        • Alternate Eligible Content - S8.A.3.1.5a Identify the components of a simple human-made system based on function (e.g., electrical system, transportation system).
          Alternate Eligible Content is designed for students assessed using the PA Alternate System of Assessment (PASA). Essentialized Example resources assist teachers in designing instruction that reduces content complexity while maintaining alignment to academic standards.
        • Alternate Eligible Content - S8.A.3.1.5b Identify how the components or processes of natural systems affect one another (e.g., water cycle, weather systems, organ systems).
          Alternate Eligible Content is designed for students assessed using the PA Alternate System of Assessment (PASA). Essentialized Example resources assist teachers in designing instruction that reduces content complexity while maintaining alignment to academic standards.
    • Anchor Descriptor - S8.A.3.2 Apply knowledge of models to make predictions, draw inferences, or explain technological concepts.
      • Eligible Content - S8.A.3.2.1 Describe how scientists use models to explore relationships in natural systems (e.g., an ecosystem, river system, the solar system).
      • Eligible Content - S8.A.3.2.2 Describe how engineers use models to develop new and improved technologies to solve problems.
      • Eligible Content - S8.A.3.2.3 Given a model showing simple causeand- effect relationships in a natural system, predict results that can be used to test the assumptions in the model (e.g., photosynthesis, water cycle, diffusion, infiltration).
    • Anchor Descriptor - S8.A.3.3 Describe repeated processes or recurring elements in natural, scientific, and technological patterns
      • Eligible Content - S8.A.3.3.1 Identify and describe patterns as repeated processes or recurring elements in human-made systems (e.g., trusses, hub-and-spoke system in communications and transportation systems, feedback controls in regulated systems).
      • Eligible Content - S8.A.3.3.2 Describe repeating structure patterns in nature (e.g., veins in a leaf, tree rings, crystals, water waves) or periodic patterns (e.g., daily, monthly, annually).
        • Alternate Eligible Content - S8.A.3.3.2a Sequence recurring patterns, cycles or trends found in nature (e.g., water cycle, lunar phases, organ systems).
          Alternate Eligible Content is designed for students assessed using the PA Alternate System of Assessment (PASA). Essentialized Example resources assist teachers in designing instruction that reduces content complexity while maintaining alignment to academic standards.
  • Assessment Anchor - S8.C.2

    Forms, Sources, Conversion, and Transfer of Energy
    • Anchor Descriptor - S8.C.2.1 Describe energy sources, transfer of energy, or conversion of energy.
      • Eligible Content - S8.C.2.1.1 Distinguish among forms of energy (e.g., electrical, mechanical, chemical, light, sound, nuclear) and sources of energy (i.e., renewable and nonrenewable energy)
      • Eligible Content - S8.C.2.1.2 Explain how energy is transferred from one place to another through convection, conduction, or radiation.
      • Eligible Content - S8.C.2.1.3 Describe how one form of energy (e.g., electrical, mechanical, chemical, light, sound, nuclear) can be converted into a different form of energy.
    • Anchor Descriptor - S8.C.2.2 Compare the environmental impact of different energy sources chosen to support human endeavors.
      • Eligible Content - S8.C.2.2.1 Describe the Sun as the major source of energy that impacts the environment.
      • Eligible Content - S8.C.2.2.2 Compare the time span of renewability for fossil fuels and the time span of renewability for alternative fuels.
      • Eligible Content - S8.C.2.2.3 Describe the waste (i.e., kind and quantity) derived from the use of renewable and nonrenewable resources and their potential impact on the environment.
        • Alternate Eligible Content - S8.C.2.2.3a Identify energy sources as either renewable (limited to wind, solar, and hydroelectric) or non-renewable (limited to coal,oil, and natural gas.)
          Alternate Eligible Content is designed for students assessed using the PA Alternate System of Assessment (PASA). Essentialized Example resources assist teachers in designing instruction that reduces content complexity while maintaining alignment to academic standards.
  • Assessment Anchor - S8.C.3

    Principles of Motion and Force
    • Anchor Descriptor - S8.C.3.1 Describe the effect of multiple forces on the movement, speed, or direction of an object.
      • Eligible Content - S8.C.3.1.1 Describe forces acting on objects (e.g., friction, gravity, balanced versus unbalanced).
        • Alternate Eligible Content - S8.C.3.1.1a Compare the impact of one or more forces acting on an object (limited to friction, gravity, balanced, and unbalanced.)
          Alternate Eligible Content is designed for students assessed using the PA Alternate System of Assessment (PASA). Essentialized Example resources assist teachers in designing instruction that reduces content complexity while maintaining alignment to academic standards.
      • Eligible Content - S8.C.3.1.2 Distinguish between kinetic and potential energy.
      • Eligible Content - S8.C.3.1.3 Explain that mechanical advantage helps to do work (physics) by either changing a force or changing the direction of the applied force (e.g., simple machines, hydraulic systems).
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