According to the law of conservation of mass, a chemical change can be represented by a balanced chemical equation.
All forms of life on Earth are connected in a Biosphere.
ATP molecules store usable chemical energy to drive life processes through coupled reactions.
Based on systematic, measurable changes in physical properties, the atmosphere is subdivided into different layers.
Based on the measured scattering of seismic waves, the Earth’s interior is subdivided into layers based on physical properties.
Cellular respiration is the process by which potential chemical energy in the bonds of glucose is transformed into potential chemical energy in the bonds of ATP.
Changes in atmospheric composition can lead to changes in the intensity and composition of sunlight reaching the Earth’s surface that can be observed and measured.
Changes in matter can be chemical, physical, or nuclear.
Changes in temperature are accompanied by changes in kinetic energy which can result in changes in the states of matter.
Circulation patterns in the oceans are driven by multiple forces.
Climate measurably changes over time due to natural and human processes.
Different forms of energy contribute to the transport mechanisms of Earth’s dynamic systems.
Direct and indirect measurements provide evidence that the sun, Earth and most of the planets formed at the same time.
Direct and remote sensing provides evidence that billions of star cluster into galaxies.
Direct and remote sensing provides evidence that the universe contains billions of galaxies.
Earth consists of an interacting set of processes and structures.
Electricity is the result of converting one form of energy into another and the flow of electrons via a conductor.
Energy can be transferred thermally, mechanically, electrically or chemically in a system.
Energy can take many different forms including mechanical, thermal, chemical, and electromagnetic.
Energy is conserved (Law of conservation of energy).
Energy is converted from one form to another as it moves through a food chains and food webs.
Energy is transferred through Earth’s systems via radiation, conduction, and convection.
Energy transferred through Earth’s systems drives global processes.
Evidence suggests that the interior layers arose long ago from heat, cooling and gravity.
Factors that can affect the rate of a chemical change include temperature, concentration, nature of the reactant, and catalyst.
Forms of energy are required to maintain life.
Glycolysis is the foundation of both aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Glycolysis, through anaerobic respiration, is the main energy source in many prokaryotes.
Groups of stars that move in unison in the night sky form constellations.
Heat energy is transferred between objects or regions by the process of convection, conduction, or radiation.
Limiting factors can cause population fluctuations or extinction in a given ecosystem.
Matter exists naturally in 3 states on earth: solid, liquid, and gas.
Matter flows through an ecosystem using a variety of natural cycles.
Mechanical waves can be classified according to their movement, standing or compression, and according to their direction of oscillation, which can be transverse or longitudinal.
Minerals, which make up rocks, have internal structures determined by a regular arrangement of internal atoms or ions that determine their physical properties.
Most biochemical reactions require an input of energy.
Movement of the Earth’s crust by Plate tectonics contributes to changes in the surface of the earth.
Objects in the solar system are illuminated by sunlight. Object brightness depends on a number of factors.
Oceans are connected to major lakes, watersheds, and waterways.
Oceans dominate the earth’s carbon cycle.
Orbits are the result of a perfect balance between the forward motion of a body in space, such as a planet or moon, and the pull of gravity on it from another body in space, such as a large planet or star resulting in near circular or elliptical shapes.
Organisms and their environment are interdependent.
Photosynthesis is the process that transforms light energy into potential chemical energy.
Sound and light energy are transmitted by waves.
Specific biotic and abiotic factors characterize biomes and their component ecosystems.
Sunlight is the initial energy source for most life on Earth.
The abundance of liquid water makes the Earth unique among the planets of this solar system.
The atmosphere is a uniform mixture of gases that decrease in temperature and pressure with increasing altitude.
The current theory as to the formation of the universe is known as the big bang theory.
The Doppler Effect occurs when the frequency of a wave appears to change due to variations in position between the source and the observer.
The Earth exists in a solar system including the sun, the planets, their moons, and other smaller objects.
The Earth’s crust is made up of rocks, which undergo cyclic changes and can be classified by their origins and formation.
The Earth’s oceans are interconnected, forming one ocean.
The energy flow of biochemical reactions is governed by the physical laws of thermodynamics.
The hydrologic cycle describes the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the earth.
The orbits and rotations of the Earth-moon-sun system account for lunar and solar eclipses, phases of the moon, and tides.
The surface features of the earth change as a result of observable physical and chemical processes.
Unequal heating of the surface of the earth contributes to global circulation patterns, climate, and weather.
Waves can be characterized by their velocity, frequency, wavelength, amplitude, and period.
Waves interact with matter by reflection and/or refraction, which can result in changes in wavelength and frequency.
Weather is the result of complex interactions between atmospheric pressure, land conditions, and ocean temperatures that can be measured.
