Analyze how soil types and geographic regions have impacted agriculture in Pennsylvania.

Describe the composition and layers of the atmosphere.

Explain the effects of oceans on climate.

Describe how global patterns such as the jet stream and water currents influence local weather in measurable terms such as temperature, wind direction and speed, and precipitation.

Describe how energy derived from the sun is used by plants to produce sugars (photosynthesis) and is transferred within a food chain from producers (plants) to consumers to decomposers.

Recognize that all organisms are composed of cells and that many organisms are unicellular and must carry out all life functions in one cell.

Identify examples of unicellular and multicellular organisms.

SCALE

Explain why the details of most cells are visible only through a microscope.

• Understand how theories are developed.
• Identify questions that can be answered through scientific investigations and evaluate the appropriateness of questions.
• Design and conduct a scientific investigation and understand that current scientific knowledge guides scientific investigations.
• Describe relationships using inference and prediction.
• Use appropriate tools and technologies to gather, analyze, and interpret data and understand that it enhances accuracy and allows scientists to analyze and quantify results of investigations.
• Develop descriptions, explanations, and models using evidence and understand that these emphasize evidence, have logically consistent arguments, and are based on scientific principles, models, and theories.
• Analyze alternative explanations and understanding that science advances through legitimate skepticism.
• Use mathematics in all aspects of scientific inquiry.
• Understand that scientific investigations may result in new ideas for study, new methods, or procedures for an investigation or new technologies to improve data collection.

• Understand how theories are developed.
• Identify questions that can be answered through scientific investigations and evaluate the appropriateness of questions.
• Design and conduct a scientific investigation and understand that current scientific knowledge guides scientific investigations.
• Describe relationships using inference and prediction.
• Use appropriate tools and technologies to gather, analyze, and interpret data and understand that it enhances accuracy and allows scientists to analyze and quantify results of investigations.
•  Develop descriptions, explanations, and models using evidence and understand that these emphasize evidence, have logically consistent arguments, and are based on scientific principles, models, and theories.
• Analyze alternative explanations and understanding that science advances through legitimate skepticism.
• Use mathematics in all aspects of scientific inquiry.
• Understand that scientific investigations may result in new ideas for study, new methods, or procedures for an investigation or new technologies to improve data collection.

Describe energy as a property of objects associated with heat, light, electricity, magnetism, mechanical motion, and sound.

Differentiate between potential and kinetic energy.

Give examples of how heat moves in predictable ways, normally flowing from warmer objects to cooler ones until they reach the same temperature.

Explain the effect of heat on particle motion by describing what happens to particles during a phase change.

Describe how electric current produces magnetic forces and how moving magnets produce electric current.

Derive Ohm’s Law through investigation of voltage, current, and resistance.

ENERGY

Demonstrate that heat moves in predictable ways from warmer objects to cooler ones.

SCALE

Investigate that materials may be composed of parts too small to be seen without magnification.

• Understand how theories are developed.
• Identify questions that can be answered through scientific investigations and evaluate the appropriateness of questions.
• Design and conduct a scientific investigation and understand that current scientific knowledge guides scientific investigations.
• Describe relationships using inference and prediction.
• Use appropriate tools and technologies to gather, analyze, and interpret data and understand that it enhances accuracy and allows scientists to analyze and quantify results of investigations.
• Develop descriptions, explanations, and models using evidence and understand that these emphasize evidence, have logically consistent arguments, and are based on scientific principles, models, and theories.
• Analyze alternative explanations and understanding that science advances through legitimate skepticism.
• Use mathematics in all aspects of scientific inquiry.
• Understand that scientific investigations may result in new ideas for study, new methods, or procedures for an investigation or new technologies to improve data collection.

MODELS/SCALES

Describe the scales involved in characterizing Earth and its atmosphere.

MODELS/SCALES

Create models of Earth's common physical features.

• Understand how theories are developed.
• Identify questions that can be answered through scientific investigations and evaluate the appropriateness of questions.
• Design and conduct a scientific investigation and understand that current scientific knowledge guides scientific investigations.
• Describe relationships using inference and prediction.
• Use appropriate tools and technologies to gather, analyze, and interpret data and understand that it enhances accuracy and allows scientists to analyze and quantify results of investigations.
• Develop descriptions, explanations, and models using evidence and understand that these emphasize evidence, have logically consistent arguments, and are based on scientific principles, models, and theories.
• Analyze alternative explanations and understanding that science advances through legitimate skepticism.
• Use mathematics in all aspects of scientific inquiry.
• Understand that scientific investigations may result in new ideas for study, new methods, or procedures for an investigation or new technologies to improve data collection.